How does long-term opioid use affect the digestive system? 

Long-term opioid use can have significant impacts on the digestive system. Opioids can cause nausea and vomiting, as well as constipation. Over time, chronic opioid use can also lead to abdominal swelling and a feeling of bloating and discomfort. 

How does long-term opioid use affect the liver and brain? 

Prolonged opioid use can also negatively impact the liver, causing liver damage, especially if combined with acetaminophen. Opioids can also depress respiration, slowing down breathing to the point where the body doesn’t get enough oxygen. This can lead to brain damage over time. 

Does long-term opioid use lead to physical dependence and addiction? 

Yes, one of the most concerning side effects of long-term opioid use is the development of physical dependence and addiction. With regular, ongoing opioid use, the body becomes accustomed to the presence of the drugs. Higher and higher doses are required to achieve the same effects, as the body builds up a tolerance. Eventually, the body becomes dependent on the opioids just to feel normal. Trying to stop taking the drugs at this point leads to highly unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, which can drive continued compulsive opioid use – the hallmark of addiction. 

With all these side effects, are opioids safe? 

While opioids can be effective for short-term acute pain management when used as prescribed, the significant risks associated with long-term use call into question the safety of these medications, especially for chronic pain conditions. The dangers of digestive issues, liver damage, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and addiction mean that opioids should be used with great caution and only when the benefits clearly outweigh the substantial risks. Patients and providers must weigh these concerns carefully when considering opioids as part of a long-term pain management plan.